پشت صحنه نامه جمهوریخواهان

نامه سناتور تام كاتن و ۴۶ سناتور جمهوريخواه ديگر به رهبران ايران،‌ موج جديدي از توفان سياسي به پا كرده است. دموكرات‌ها انتشار اين نامه سرگشاده را شديدا محكوم و منتقدان، امضاءكنندگان نامه را، به خاطر نقض قانون ممنوعيت مذاكره شهروندان با يك قدرت خارجي، به خيانت متهم كرده‌اند.

اما واكنش به اين نامه حواس‌ها را كاملا از مسئله اصلي پرت كرده است: اين‌كه چگونه بنيانگذاران حزب ليكود اسرائيل اقدامات كنگره در مورد ايران را كنترل مي‌كنند.

اين نامه تلاش حاميان جمهوريخواه دولت نتانياهو براي بر هم زدن مذاكرات آمريكا و ايران بوده است. آن‌ها مي‌خواستند ايران به اين نتيجه برسد كه آمريكا نمي‌تواند به تعهدات خود در قبال توافق عمل كند و به عنوان مثال قادر نيست تحريم‌هاي ايران را از ميان بردارد.

نامه كاتن استدلال‌هايي ارائه مي‌كند كه به وضوح اشتباه است. مي‌گويد، هرگونه توافقي كه مورد تاييد كنگره قرار نگيرد، صرفا يك توافق اجرايي است و در تاريخ ديپلماتيك آمريكا اين‌گونه توافقات از اهميت حاشيه‌اي برخوردار بوده است. در واقع توافق خروج نيروهاي آمريكا در هر دو جنگ ويتنام و عراق، معاهده نبوده بلكه توافق‌هايي اجرايي بوده است.

ادعاي ديگر نامه نيز به همان اندازه غيرواقعي است كه مي‌گويد "كنگره‌هاي آينده مي‌توانند مفاد توافق را هر زمان كه بخواهند تغيير دهند." كنگره مي‌تواند با تصويب قانوني كه مغاير با توافق باشد،‌ آن را بي‌اثر كند اما نمي‌تواند توافق را دوباره مورد مذاكره قرار دهد. و ادعای مبني بر اين‌كه رئيس‌جمهور بعدي مي‌تواند "با يك حركت قلم توافق را باطل كند" اين واقعيت را ناديده مي‌گيرد كه توافق هسته‌اي ايران،‌ در صورت تصويب، با قطعنامه شوراي امنيت سازمان ملل،‌ ‌تبديل به يك قانون بين‌المللي الزام‌آور مي‌شود.

اين نامه موجب شده تا عده ای بر اساس قانون لوگان، امضاءكنندگان را خائن بدانند. در كمتر از ۲۴ ساعت، بيش از ۲۰۰ هزار نفر درخواستي را در وب سايت كاخ سفيد امضاء كرده‌ و خواستار تشكيل پرونده براي متهمین به خیانت شده‌اند.

با اين‌كه ممكن است در نگاه اول اين مسير راضي‌كننده به نظر برسد، اما از لحاظ حقوقي و سياسي مشكل‌ساز است. قانون لوگان در سال ۱۷۹۹ تصويب شده و هرگز به شكل موفقيت‌آميز براي محكوم كردن يك فرد استفاده نشده است، چون حدود يك قرن پيش از تدوین استاندارد حقوقي حفاظت از حق آزادی بيان توسط دادگاه‌هاي آمريكا نوشته شده است و مشخص نيست مقصود اين قانون نمايندگان كنگره باشند.

مشكل جدي‌تر اين است كه، اقدام كاتن و همكاران جمهوريخواه او مذاكره با يك دولت خارجي نبوده است، بلكه سعي داشتند به نفع يك دولت خارجي بر نتيجه مذاكرات تاثير بگذارند.

اعضاي كنگره، با بحث و تبادل نظر ميان خود، ‌در مورد ايران موضع‌گيري نكرده‌اند، بلكه كميته روابط عمومي آمريكا و اسرائيل (ايپك) به آن‌ها دستور داده است.

روزنبرگ،‌ از اعضاي لابي‌گر پيشين ايپك مي‌گويد، احتمالا ايپك پيش‌نويس نامه را تهيه كرده و به كاتن داده است. او مي‌نويسد: "هيچ اتفاقي در كنگره آمريكا در رابطه با اسرائيل نمي‌افتد،‌ مگر آن‌كه هاوارد كوهر (رئيس ايپك) بخواهد. هيچ‌چيز."

ظاهرا ايپك از نامه حمايت كرده است، اما ممكن است داستان فراي آن باشد. سناتور كاتن دست‌پرورده بيل كريستول،‌ ركن اصلي سياسي نومحافظه‌كاران است كه كميته اضطراری وي در مورد اسرائيل، اواخر كمپين ۲۰۱۴ به كاتن حدود يك ميليون دلار پول داده است و به كاتن ضمانت داد كه از حمايت چهارسازمان ضد ايران برخوردار خواهد بود.

كاتن وفاداري مطلق خود به سياست ليكود در قبال ايران را ثابت كرده است. او از متمم قانون منع ايران هسته‌اي سال ۲۰۱۳ كه ناقضان تحريم‌ها را تا ۲۰ سال به زندان محكوم مي‌كرد حمايت كرد و مجازات را به "همسر و هر خويشاوند و نسل سوم" ناقض تحريم تعميم داد. كاتن هنگام ارائه اين متمم به كميته روابط خارجي سنا چيزهاي مفيدي ارائه كرد كه "والدين، فرزندان، خاله، عمه، دايي، عمو،‌خواهرزادگان و برادرزادگان،‌ پدربزرگ و مادربزرگ، جد و جده، نوه‌ها و نتيجه‌ها" را نيز شامل مي‌شد.

آن متمم ناموفق بود اما وفاداري او به حزب ليكود را ثابت كرد. حالا كريستول او را نامزد معاون رئيس‌جمهور براي انتخابات ۲۰۱۶ كرده است.

بنابراين داستان اصلي پشت نامه كاتن و همكاران جمهوريخواه او اين است كه چگونه عاملان سياست ليكود از يك سياستمدار جمهوريخواه جوان جاه‌طلب براي برهم زدن مذاكرات هسته‌اي با ايران استفاده مي‌كند. اين مسئله از قانون لوگان مهمتر است، اما فعلا سازمان‌هاي خبري اشاره‌اي به اين موضوع نمي‌كنند.

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dleeast/attacking-obama-policy-hillary-clinton-exposes-different-worldviews.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/articles/irans-war-on-journalism-1407691990http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/world/middleeast/crash-kills-39-reviving-questions-about-iran-built-plane.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/10/a-maple-syrup-mecca-for-iran-s-gays.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/opinion/sunday/ross-douthat-the-right-war.htmlhttp://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_deadly-iran-backed-terror-network-tawhid-salam-exposed_355066.htmlhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/09/obama-isis-northern-iraq-kurds-long-term-airdropshttp://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21611117-official-report-blows-lid-secret-world-sex-throwinghttp://online.wsj.com/articles/u-s-nuclear-negotiator-to-resume-talks-with-iran-1407403996?mod=World_newsreel_4http://time.com/3091410/iran-gives-russia-its-best-chance-to-hit-back-against-western-sanctions/http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/05/these-people-i-interviewed-in-iran-clearly-loved-the-country-so-why-did-it-put-them-in-jail/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2014/Aug-05/266061-how-iran-has-moved-on-a-nuclear-deal.ashx#axzz39VA6gUdOhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/08/04/congress-can-change-the-iran-equation/http://fpif.org/iran-short-honeymoon-media-freedom/http://online.wsj.com/articles/german-businesses-warm-to-iran-1407099835http://www.crescent-online.net/2014/08/irans-quds-force-commander-pledges-total-support-for-gaza-resistance-crescent-onlinenet-4570-articles.htmlhttp://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2014/07/31/just-a-hint-of-iran-sanctions-risk-stalls-bank-transactions/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/03/iran-goods-idUSL6N0Q758F20140803http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-obama-advisor-iran-nuclear-20140720-story.htmlhttp://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/07/20/iran-nuclear-negotiations-sanctions-editorials-debates/12884821/http://online.wsj.com/articles/michael-hayden-and-evan-bayh-a-doubly-dangerous-iran-1405638861http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/19/why-its-right-to-keep-talking-to-iran/http://online.wsj.com/articles/sanctions-nearly-halve-iran-oil-export-revenue-in-two-years-opec-says-1405699476?tesla=y&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304223004580037300446967496.html&fpid=2,7,121,122,201,401,641,1009http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2014/07/18/the-claim-that-sanctions-on-iran-have-cost-the-u-s-175-billion-in-lost-exports/?tid=hpModule_f8335a3c-868c-11e2-9d71-f0feafdd1394http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/14/iran-nuclear-talks-kerry-zarif-20-july-deadlinehttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jul-16/264043-iran-seeks-nuclear-deadline-extension-us-demands-cuts.ashx#axzz37cQEha2ohttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/14/iran-sanctions-us-cost_n_5585803.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/articles/kerry-zarif-seek-to-close-gaps-over-iran-nuclear-deal-1405326530?mod=fox_australianhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/iran-outlines-nuclear-deal-accepts-limit.html?_r=0http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/13/five-unresolved-issues-iran-nuclear-programme-vienna-talkshttp://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-nuclear-deal-with-iran-should-focus-on-stockpiling-fuel-for-research-not-a-bomb/2014/07/10/1389ae36-06e2-11e4-bbf1-cc51275e7f8f_story.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/iran-sends-3-attack-planes-to-iraqi-government.html?_r=0http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/07/07/countdown-to-the-iran-deadline/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/08/ahmad-chalabi-pariah-iraq-prime-minister-bush-us-despairhttp://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/07/opinion/harvey-pregent-iraq-iran/http://rt.com/news/170768-iran-energy-deal-usa/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10949449/Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-ridiculed-for-flashy-wristwatch.htmlhttp://www.commentarymagazine.com/2014/07/05/is-there-an-antidote-to-irans-regional-strategy/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/david-ignatius-iran-overplays-its-hand-in-iraq-and-syria/2014/07/03/132e1630-02db-11e4-8572-4b1b969b6322_story.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/articles/iran-pursues-subtle-strategy-on-iraq-1404507730http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/06/30/iraq-haider-al-abadi-isis-iran-airstrikes-unites-states_n_5543252.htmlhttp://blogs.rediff.com/mkbhadrakumar/2014/07/01/iran-preparing-to-vanquish-isil/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101800154http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Israel-should-ensure-West-keeps-eyes-open-on-Iran-360973%E2%80%8Bhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jun/27/iran-isis-military-interventionhttp://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.601824http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/29/iraq-isis-new-alliances-old-enemies-advancehttp://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/06/27/shouldn-let-iraq-bargaining-chip-with-iran/jgktOqxTh6pMXjGB2pidrN/story.htmlhttp://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/26/iran-students-kaplan-uk-stem-course-block-us-sanctionshttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/25/world/middleeast/top-scientist-from-iran-hinders-talks-with-absence.html?_r=0http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/sns-rt-us-hsbc-iran-20140624,0,5438319.storyhttp://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/21/lionel-messi-argentina-iran-world-cuphttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10916088/Are-we-opening-the-door-to-a-tyrant-worse-than-Saddam.htmlhttp://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/06/22/iraqi-insurgents-capture-fourth-town-since-friday/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/irans-role-in-iraq-is-unlikely-to-include-combat/2014/06/20/85795050-305d-4ff3-a821-bdf5269c60bf_story.html?tid=hpModule_04941f10-8a79-11e2-98d9-3012c1cd8d1ehttp://online.wsj.com/articles/iran-could-outsource-its-nuclear-weapons-program-to-north-korea-1403303442?tesla=y&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304489104579636271915574660.html&fpid=2,7,121,122,201,401,641,1009http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27883162http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-united-states-should-not-cooperate-with-iran-on-iraq/2014/06/17/f3144b9c-f63e-11e3-a3a5-42be35962a52_story.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/world/middleeast/iran-eases-constraints-on-academic-contacts-with-west.html?_r=0http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/06/iran-and-the-us-the-enemy-of-my-enemy.htmlhttp://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/iranians-still-waiting-for-rouhani-to-deliver-on-promiseshttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/13/us-iran-fight-jihadis-iraqhttp://www.lobelog.com/us-iran-bilateral-talks-on-the-edge-of-a-nuclear-deal/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7384e728-ec08-11e3-ab1b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz348Kc0U5hhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/07/us-iran-direct-nuclear-talks-genevahttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/world/middleeast/iran-tehran-offers-incentives-to-middle-class-families-to-have-more-children-as-population-declines.html?_r=0، ۱۶ مارس ۲۰۱۵